nine The brand new 1939 Societal Safeguards Amendments originally mainly based a partner benefit equal to that-1 / 2 of the latest retired-worker benefit of the present spouse and you will an excellent survivor’s work with equal to 3-fourths of your own dry wife or husband’s employee work with. Experts was basically extended to help you divorced widows having children and you may created widowers throughout the 1950 amendments. During the 1965, separated spouses and you may surviving separated spouses instead people became entitled to payments, however, there can be a habits and you can a good 20-seasons period of matrimony criteria. 10 Congress elevated widow(er)s advantages in 1972 from Mujer soltera lituana 82.5 percent of one’s dry worker’s benefit to 100 per cent (). During the 1977, the size of matrimony requisite try faster regarding 2 decades (240 days) to 10 years (120 months), and remarried women have been allowed to discover a typical survivor benefit on deceased partner’s number if the remarriage took place shortly after many years sixty (age fifty in the event the disabled).

At this point, Public Cover companion and widow masters are nevertheless a primary source of income to possess older female (Butrica, Iams, and you will Sandell 1999; Favreault, Sam; Harrington Meyer, Wolf, and you will Himes 2006; Weaver 1997). Since shown into the Graph step one, for the past forty five years most women Social Security beneficiaries aged 62 otherwise elderly received good results oriented at least partly with the earnings list of its companion or previous spouse, 61 percent (4.1 million) during the 1960 and 59 % (twelve.nine mil) inside the 2005. 11

NOTES: Most of the study to own 2005 and you will dual entitlement investigation having 1995 and you may 2000 depend on a beneficial ten-% shot. Any kind of many years are 100 per cent study.

That being said, improved labor ong feminine and a boost in their money relative so you can dudes (Blau, Ferber, and you can Winkler 2006; Agency from Work Statistics 2005; Clark and you will Weismantle 2003), 12 has actually contributed to a decline throughout the express of females acquiring professionals as the spouses or widows simply, and you may respectively, a rise in the newest display out of dually entitled female-that is, women that qualify for masters as resigned gurus so when spouses and you can surviving partners. So it creativity was highlighted during the Graph step one, which shows that between 1960 and you may 1985, this new display out of feminine beneficiaries old 62 otherwise elderly have been dually entitled grew out of 5 per cent so you can 20%. By the 2005, twenty eight % of females beneficiaries 62 otherwise older was indeed dually called; twelve % therein was in fact dually entitled partners (2.7 mil) and you will 16 % were dually called widows (step three.5 billion). 13 The average month-to-month work with into the 2005 for ladies aged 65 or earlier who have been dually titled spouse beneficiaries is actually $601 and for dually entitled survivor beneficiaries it was $step 1,131; having spouse-only beneficiaries the new month-to-month benefit averaged $507, and for widow-simply beneficiaries an average is $969 ( SSA 2007, Dining table 5.A15).

Ladies’

The prices said in this article depend on a limited-Fool around with Document of the 2001 Marital Records Module into You.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of cash and you may System Participation ( SIPP ). fourteen

Study

New SIPP try a family questionnaire of the civilian noninstitutionalized citizen You.S. population made up of some panels, each one of and that signifies a separate shot. New 2001 panel began within the 2001 and longer as a consequence of 2003 with interviews conducted every 4 weeks. New survey can be used because a good longitudinal sample or cross-sectional research, as well as done right here.

SIPP ‘s the reason topical modules show a variety of information and are used towards the a turning basis into the questionnaire panels. In this article, we trust research regarding the Marital Background Component, which was applied inside wave several (another interview) of one’s 2001 panel. The new supplement is designed to gather total information about new ilies, and you will homes in the us. Note that, as the marital event times is pent up on Public-Have fun with File of the 2001 Relationship Record Module, the following study depends on a finite-Use Document, which contains this new schedules (during the year and you can months) where good respondent’s marriage (to around three) first started and you can finished. Such as for instance advice lets us imagine duration of relationship(s) , an important facet deciding possible qualification having Societal Coverage reliable experts. Like other topical modules, the brand new marital background module is actually collected in combination with the brand new key questionnaire, which takes care of general market, socioeconomic, and you may program participation suggestions round the every waves each and every panel. All profiles out-of limited-explore studies have to be granted permission by the U.S. Census Bureau together with Societal Shelter Management, therefore the data must be drawn to have browse aim merely. 15